In the centre of Cottbus, the Stadtmuseum und -archiv Cottbus, niedersorbisch Měsćaanski muzej a archiw Chóśebuz, fulfils the dual role of municipal archive and museum of the city's history.
The institution is located on Bahnhofstraße in the Mitte district. Archives and exhibition spaces are housed in several buildings along this street.
The record of municipal documents dates back to before the 17th century; many holdings were kept in the town hall at that time but were largely lost in the city fire of 1671. In the following centuries files were moved to various locations, for example to the attic of Gemeindeschule VI in Sandow or to the corner building at Sandower Straße 50 opposite the Nikolaikirche. The first public presentation on Cottbus city history was opened in October 1887 by the Niederlausitzer Gesellschaft für Anthropologie und Urgeschichte; this event is regarded as the beginning of the municipal museum.
Growing space requirements led to organisational changes in the early 20th century: in 1905 a Verein für Heimatkunde was founded and the city arranged for the central storage of municipal records, taking over properties at Altmarkt 20 and Neustädter Straße 17. Subsequently there were multiple relocations and a separation into an administrative and a historical archive; administrative records are destroyed after their retention periods expire or are transferred to the historical holdings. During the Second World War documents stored in the old town hall were destroyed or disposed of during clearance operations, and externally stored certificates were also lost; the files from the Stadthaus were preserved and the holdings were gradually rebuilt after the end of the war. With the incorporation of several localities in 1950 the archive grew further, creating renewed need for space. After further moves, the city archive has been housed since 1993 in the former printing and publishing building of the Cottbuser Anzeiger at Bahnhofstraße 52. Since December 2015 the city museum has additionally used the former savings bank building at Bahnhofstraße 22, built in 1937, which was renovated prior to its new use and serves primarily for exhibitions.
The archive preserves approximately 2,500 linear metres of files for the processing and safeguarding of the holdings of the city administration and the incorporated localities. The collections are organised, among others, into the groups Magistrat der Stadt Cottbus (1462–1945), Stadtverordnetenversammlung und Rat der Stadt (1945–1990), holdings of the incorporated localities (1847–1990), building records (1911–1988), holdings of businesses, and other record creators.